4 Common Types of Plumbing Pipes: PEX, Copper, Galvanized & PVC

Choosing the right plumbing pipe material matters. The type of pipe used in a home or building can affect water quality, leak risk, installation costs, long-term maintenance, and overall plumbing performance.

A lot has changed in the plumbing industry over the years. New pipe materials have been introduced, and stronger, more specialized piping options continue to enter the market. Unlike the early 1900s, when galvanized pipes were one of the primary options, homeowners, property managers, plumbers, and DIYers now have several choices for plumbing projects.

Below are four common types of plumbing pipes used in residential and commercial plumbing systems:

• PEX pipes
• Copper pipes
• Galvanized steel pipes
• PVC pipes

1. PEX Pipes

PEX pipes, also known as cross-linked polyethylene pipes, are flexible plastic pipes commonly used for water supply lines. Although PEX is newer compared to materials like copper and galvanized steel, it has become popular with both DIY users and professional plumbers because it is flexible and relatively easy to install.

PEX piping is often color-coded. Blue PEX is typically used for cold water, while red PEX is commonly used for hot water.

Because PEX can handle high water pressure, it is often used for water mains and indoor water supply systems. However, PEX can degrade when exposed to direct sunlight, ultraviolet rays, extreme heat, and certain water chemistry conditions, so it is generally best suited for indoor applications.

Pros of PEX Pipes

PEX pipes are flexible, which can make installation easier in certain plumbing layouts. They can also be joined with crimp rings and connected to copper piping when needed.

Cons of PEX Pipes

PEX pipes can degrade quickly under ultraviolet rays, making them unsuitable for outdoor use or prolonged sun exposure. UV exposure may also void certain product warranties.

Some concerns have been raised about chemicals leaching into water mains, and PEX use may be restricted in certain areas depending on local plumbing codes.

PEX can also attract rodents that may chew through the material to access water. In repipe projects, PEX often needs to be fastened every few feet, which may require multiple wall and ceiling openings and add to project costs and timelines.

Water chemistry, including chloramines and over-chlorination, may contribute to pinhole leaks or early pipe failure. High-temperature areas, such as attics or other spaces exposed to extreme heat, may also cause PEX pipe failure.

2. Copper Pipes

Copper pipes have been used in plumbing systems for decades and remain one of the most recognized pipe materials for water supply lines. Copper is durable, strong, and resistant to ultraviolet degradation, unlike some plastic piping materials.

Copper piping may be installed as rigid copper tubing or flexible copper rolls. In residential plumbing systems, copper is often used to carry drinking water.

When properly maintained and used under favorable water conditions, copper pipes can last for decades. However, copper pipes may also fail earlier in certain environments, especially when water chemistry contributes to corrosion or pinhole leaks.

Pros of Copper Pipes

Copper pipes have a proven track record and can offer a long service life when installed and maintained properly. Under ideal conditions, even lighter copper pipe types may last for many years.

Cons of Copper Pipes

Copper is typically more expensive than many other pipe materials because of the cost of metal.

Water chemistry can contribute to pinhole leaks, slab leaks, and corrosion-related issues. Copper pipes also usually require experienced installation, since soldering or specialized plumbing tools may be needed.

Copper is also less flexible than PEX, and in cold temperatures, copper pipes can freeze and burst.

3. Galvanized Steel Pipes

Galvanized steel pipes are metal pipes that are threaded at both ends and connected using joints or fittings. Although galvanized piping is not commonly used in modern residential plumbing, it was widely used in older homes and buildings during the early 20th century.

Today, galvanized pipes are often replaced with copper or plastic piping materials. In some cases, they may also be restored using the patented ePIPE process.

Galvanized steel pipes were once commonly used for water supply lines, gas lines, drain lines, and other building systems.

Pros of Galvanized Steel Pipes

Because galvanized steel is metal, it does not warp or degrade under higher temperatures the way some plastic materials can.

Galvanized steel also has soundproofing qualities, which may make it suitable for certain indoor applications.

Cons of Galvanized Steel Pipes

Galvanized steel is prone to corrosion and rust over time. This can reduce water flow, cause buildup inside the pipe, and potentially affect water quality.

Corrosion and internal buildup can also increase the risk of blockages and plumbing performance problems.

4. PVC Pipes

PVC pipes, or polyvinyl chloride pipes, are lightweight plastic pipes commonly used in drain, waste, and vent systems. PVC piping is often white and usually has its size printed directly on the pipe.

PVC is durable, rust-resistant, and corrosion-resistant, making it a common choice for long-term plumbing use in certain applications. It is frequently used for sinks, toilets, shower drains, and other drainage systems. In some buildings, PVC may also be used for water supply lines, depending on local codes and application requirements.

However, because of chemical contamination concerns, some areas restrict or prohibit PVC from being used for potable water mains.

Pros of PVC Pipes

PVC pipes offer good soundproofing capabilities, which can make them useful for indoor plumbing systems.

The smooth interior lining of PVC piping can also reduce the risk of blockages. Because PVC is plastic, it does not rust or corrode like metal piping materials.

Cons of PVC Pipes

PVC can degrade when exposed to high water temperatures and typically has an operating temperature limit of up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit.

PVC may also leach polyvinyl chloride, which has been associated with reproductive and respiratory concerns.

Which Plumbing Pipe Material Is Best?

The best plumbing pipe material depends on the purpose of the system, environmental conditions, local plumbing codes, water chemistry, budget, and long-term maintenance goals.

For drain, waste, and vent systems, PVC is often a strong option, especially for certain pool-related uses. Galvanized pipes are rarely used in new construction because they are difficult to install and are now more commonly associated with older plumbing systems or gas line applications.

For water plumbing systems, PEX and copper are two popular options. Each has advantages and limitations. PEX is often favored for DIY projects because it is flexible and easier to install, while copper remains a long-standing choice for durability and water supply applications.

If you are installing, replacing, or evaluating your plumbing pipes, it is best to consult a professional plumber. A qualified plumbing expert can help you understand local building codes, evaluate your current pipe condition, and recommend the right material for your specific use case.

Restore Existing Pipes with ePIPE Epoxy

If your plumbing system has leaks, corrosion, or aging pipes, full pipe replacement may not be the only option. An epoxy barrier coating can be used to coat the inside of existing pipes and help protect them from future leaks.

ePIPE can help restore water supply pipes by applying an internal barrier coating designed to extend the useful life of the plumbing system with minimal disruption.

Instead of tearing into walls, ceilings, or slabs for a full repipe, ePIPE’s pipe restoration process can help protect existing pipes and return systems to service quickly.

Want to know how ePIPE can help optimize the lifetime of your water pipes? Let’s talk, and we’ll help you figure it out.